Introduction: Cryptosporidiosis is one of the problems in patients receiving Immunosuppressive drugs. Objectives: Considering the presence of broad range of clinical manifestations in such patients, following secondary infections, longevity of patients, the new methods of treatment and prevention, are continually changing. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine Cryptosporidium parvum in 100 patients receiving Immunosuppressive drugs considered as the test group and another 100 patients with gastroenteritis but non-Immunosuppressive drugs users as the control. Materials and Methods: In this case-control survey in Babol Amircola Children Hospital in Babol, 100 patients as test and 100 patients as control after being matched for sex, age, geographic conditions of the residing places (rural and urban areas) were studied. All the data concerning the patients such as age, sex, the kind of disease, the kind of drug used, the doses being used, contact with animals, the kind of drinking water, duration of chemotherapy and other clinical symptoms were obtained by questionnaire. From the test and control groups, stool samples were collected three times, and were stained by Ziehl- Neelsen and modified Ziehl- Neelsen methods. The results were analyzed statistically.Results: The results of the study indicated that the rates of infection in test and control groups were 5 % and 6% respectively. The average infection rate was (5.5 %). There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of infection between test and control groups (Z= 0.3). The highest rate of infection was observed in the age groups of 4-6 years and 6-8 years in the test and control groups, respectively. There was no significant difference between sex and the rate of infection. The highest rate of infection was observed in patients with acute lymphatic leukemia. The number of drugs used had no effect on the rate of infection. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that more accurate laboratory diagnostic methods for this parasite and more individuals with normal and suppressed immune system are required.

Background: Intraperitoneal adhesion formation is a serious postsurgical issue. Adhesions develop after damage to the peritoneum by surgery, irradiation, infection or trauma.Objectives: Using a rat model, we compared the effectiveness of systemic and intraperitoneally administered common Immunosuppressive drugs for prevention of postoperative intraperitoneal adhesions.Materials and Methods: Peritoneal adhesions were induced in 98 female Wistar-Albino rats by cecal abrasion and peritoneal excision. Rats were randomly separated into seven groups, each containing fourteen rats, and the standard experimental model was applied to all of rats.14 days later, rats were euthanized, intraperitoneal adhesions were scored and tissues were examined histologically using hematoxylin/eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining.Results: Throughout the investigation, no animal died during or after surgery. In all of experimental groups, decrease in fibrosis was statistically significant. Decrease in fibrosis was most prominently in intraperitoneal tacrolimus group (P=0.000), and decrease was least in intraperitoneal cyclosporine group (P=0.022). Vascular proliferation was significantly decreased in all experimental groups (P<0.05) except for systemic tacrolimus group (P=0.139). Most prominent reduction in vascular proliferation was in intraperitoneal tacrolimus group (P=0.000).Conclusions: Administration of Immunosuppressive drugs is effective for prevention of intraperitoneal adhesions.

Introduction Immunosuppressive drugs are classified into different groups depending on the mechanism of action and are used in the control of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. Considering the possibility of severe inflammatory complications such as acute respiratory failure and cytokine storm in the patients with COVID-19, there is a need to review the updated data on the effectiveness and side effects of administering these drugs in patients. In the present article, along with the brief introduction of different categories of Immunosuppressive medications, positive and negative effects of using these drugs in corona patients have been discussed. Conclusion: Taken together, it seems that the administration of Immunosuppressive drugs has positive effects on COVID-19 patients. Reduced need for mechanical ventilation, decreased admission to the intensive care unit, promotion of acute symptoms, and decreased mortality rate, especially in critically ill patients are some of these advantages. However, the possibility of treatment prolongation and increased risk of bacterial and fungal infections should be kept in mind. Maintaining a balance in the doses and duration of immunosuppressant drugs might diminish their adverse effects.

Background and purpose: Strongyloidiasis is a nematode infection of humans with a worldwide distribution which is more prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. Infected people are often clinically asymptomatic, however, in untreated immunosuppressed patients, it causes more than 80% mortality. So, the accurate and timely diagnosis of infection can prevent patient's death. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of strongyloidiasis in patients under chemotherapy and hemodialysis in Bushehr, Iran.Materials and methods: We performed a cross-sectional study in 2011-2012 in which all chemotherapy and hemodialysis patients were evaluated by ELISA method to determine the presence of anti-Strongyloides stercoralis IgG antibody.Results: A total of 214 individuals were studied from whom 4 (1.9%) patients under chemotherapy and 3 (1.4%) hemodialysis patients were positive for IgG antibody.Conclusion: Strongyloidiasis is as a life-threatening risk factor in people under chemotherapy and hemodialysis, therefore, strongyloidiasis screening is suggested in these patients before administering Immunosuppressive drugs, dialysis, and kidney transplant.

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is one of the common autoimmune blistering diseases in Iran. In this Disease, Autoantibodies are found aginst one of the elements of epidermal cells adhesion called as desmoglein 3 Although, oral corticosteroids have been recognized as the first-line treatment, in many cases, due to appearance of side effects or poor therapeutic response, use of the other Immunosuppressive drugs is common. In the recent years, we can point to IVIg and Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMf) as new therapeutic options for pemphigus vulgaris (PV). This reports a 41-year-old man with three Autoimmune Diseases (PV, Hypothyroidism, Alopecia universalis). Because of side effects of systemic corticosteroids and failure to control the disease, this used another Immunosuppressive drug Use of Azathioprine and IVIg in combination with prednisolone, therapeutic regimen included prednisolone, cyclophosphamide and plasmapheresis were not  effective. Since the beginning of MMf, improvement was started during 4 weeks and completed after 8 weeks.

Background: Calcineurin inhibitors and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are essential for maintaining transplanted organs. However, determining the appropriate dosage and predicting blood concentrations of these drugs based solely on net body weight may be inadequate. Previous studies have presented contradictory results regarding the impact of obesity on drug concentrations and transplant success. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate various weight indices to identify the most reliable indicator of weight that correlates with the blood levels of drugs used in organ transplantation. Methods: This retrospective descriptive study included patients from nephrology clinics affiliated with Isfahan University of Medical Sciences who were taking calcineurin and/or mTOR inhibitor drugs. Data extracted from medical records included demographic and clinical information, such as height, weight, and various weight indices (total/ideal/adjusted body weight, lean body mass (LBM), Body Mass Index, and predicted normal weight), as well as blood levels of Immunosuppressive drugs at each patient's visit. The dosages of each drug (mg/kg) were analyzed to determine which weight indices best correlated with the obtained blood concentrations, using the Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) model with logistic regression, an independent correlation matrix, and a binary distribution for data analysis. Results: The study analyzed the medical records of 71 patients. Trough (C0) concentrations of drugs were evaluated in relation to each weight index, and odds ratios (OR) were calculated for statistical comparison. All weight indices increased the likelihood of achieving appropriate concentrations for cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and sirolimus. Drug dosing based on LBM (OR: 1.028), ideal body weight (OR: 1.075), and total body weight (OR: 1.041) showed the strongest correlations with achieving proper blood levels for cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and sirolimus, respectively. Conclusions: Integrating various weight indices for calculating individualized doses (mg/kg) of each Immunosuppressive drug increases the likelihood of achieving appropriate blood concentrations. However, the optimal weight index varies for each drug. Further studies, particularly those incorporating therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) plans in transplant centers, are warranted to validate and generalize these findings, providing a potential avenue for improving Immunosuppressive therapy and enhancing transplant outcomes.